Sicily has always been a land desired by many peoples and enriched by the presence of different cultures and so today offers an unparalleled cultural richness. In the current historical moment, so delicate and polemical, in which the debate on immigration politics and on integration of new components from different cultures, looking at the past of Sicily, through the lens of archaeological studies, certainly raises important considerations which may contribute to our reflection on social and cultural changes caused by human coexistence. “Megisti kai aristi nisos” is the title of this symposium dedicated to the Archeology of Sicily, which was held at the University of São Paulo from 3 to 5 April 2019. Taken from Strabo (Geog. II, 5, 19), this expression is contextualized when this ancient author describes the main islands of the Occidental Mediterranean: “On the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea to the coast of Liguria there are many islands, the largest of which are Sardinia and Cirno, and then Sicily: this is the greatest and the noblest among other [islands] that are among us”.