This volume emerged from a doctoral thesis questioning the role of resilience in the collapse and regeneration of human societies over late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages. The approach adopted applies the panarchy metamodel and insights from complexity science to understand the role of resilience in landscape developments of Southern Italy. This region is an ideal place in which to develop and test this model: the archaeological, historical, and environmental data are well documented, and they demonstrate both breaks and continuities in human-environmental networks between the Roman and medieval worlds. Once the landscape evidence is presented and the panarchy is built, it becomes a powerful tool to aid in landscape analysis. The Basentello Valley case study presented here is only one example of how ‘resilience thinking’ can test old assumptions and ask new questions about this transformative period while providing researchers with a fresh perspective on societal collapse and regeneration.